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Was Jana Gana Mana in praise of George V?

On, Wednesday, December 27, 1911 Jana Gana Mana was rendered as a song at the annual session of the Indian National Congress in Kolkata. It was published in the Bengali journal Tatwabodini in January 1912, titled Bharat Bidhata and was classified as Brahma Sangeet.
It had four stanzas. Later the Constituent Assembly adopted only the first of the four stanzas as the National Anthem of our country. A clear reading of the whole text dispels any doubt as to who is the Bharat Bhagya Bidatha or the arbiter of India's destiny is quite evident from its text, though there are some "doubting Thomases" who suspect it was written eulogising Emperor George V.
On December 12, 1911 the Emperor announced during the Delhi Durbar the abrogation of the Partition of Bengal which Lord Curzon had effected as the Viceroy in 1905. So delighted were the moderate leaders of the Congress that they decided to publicly acknowledge their allegiance to the Emperor and accord him a royal welcome from the dais of the Congress session in Kolkata in December 1911. An acquaintance of Rabindranath who was a great admirer of the Raj requested him to compose a song in praise of the Emperor. The very proposal was obnoxious, repulsive and demeaning to the great poet. So offended was he that he produced his immortal creation to commemorate the victory of the real Bharat Bhagya Bidhata.
In this context it would be pertinent to refer to a letter he addressed to Sir Pulin Behari Sen on November 26, 1937, This letter was later published in Bichitra [p.709, Dec 1938]. He accused that a top ranking official of the government had approached and requested him to compose a song in glory of the Emperor. He was surprised at this overture. At the same time he was agitated. The immediate and strong reaction resulted in penning down Jana Gana Mana. In yet another letter addressed to Sudharani Debi he had expressed identical sentiments.
The Congress session of 1911 in Kolkata was a three-day affair and in all four songs were sung. On day one was Bande Mataram. The proceedings of the second day commenced with the rendering of Jana Gana Mana. It was sung in chorus.
Amongst the singers were Sarala Debi, a niece of Rabindranath. This was followed by a reading of the messages from the well-wishers and sympathisers of the Congress. After this a resolution was adopted welcoming the Royal Couple and declaring allegiance to them. A Hindi song praising the royal couple was then sung. The lyricist of that song was Sri Rambhuj Dutt Choudhary, the husband of Sarala Debi. On the last day of the session, a song written by Sarala Debi was sung.
The relevant portion of the official report of the 26th Session of the Congress reads: The proceedings commenced with a patriotic song composed by Babu Rabindranath Tagore. After that a song of welcome to Their Imperial Majesties composed for the occasion was sung by the choir.
On Jan 25, 1912 Jana Gana Mana was sung the second time in a programme at the Maharshi Bhavan in Kolkata under the guidance of Rabindranath himself.
Yet another session of the Congress was held in Kolkata in 1917. On the third day, Dec 28, Jana Gana Mana was again sung. The official report of the Congress thus quoted Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das "Brother delegates, at the very outset I desire to refer to the song which you have just listened to, it is a song of the glory and victory of India."
But one question continues to linger: Had Jana Gana Mana [1911] been written really in praise of Emperor George V would the Congress unanimously recognise the same as a song of devotion/patriotism again in 1917?

(The writer is Additional Chief Secretary, Home and Transport Department, Government of Karnataka)

Source: The Times of India, 28 Dec 2002

Tips to pick friends at workplace

By Charu Sabnavis

‘People with one friend at work are likely to find their work interesting. And people with at least three close friends at work are 96 per cent more likely to be satisfied with their life’, reports Tom Rath in his book, Vital Friends: The People You Can't Afford to Live Without. With professionals spending majority of their time at work, friends at workplace have become an important part of professional and personal lives. You need someone to share your joy and sorrows... don’t you? And yes, of course complain against you boss! Well for all this, you need someone whom you can confide in - a friend. So how do you strike the cord?

Win a friend

Surveys have shown that people continue to be at organisations despite odds because of friends and camaraderie. So how do you make friends? It is an art that comes naturally to some and needs to be cultivated by others. Friendships emerge from careful observation and awareness of group dynamics at workplace.

Your behaviour at work will help you win or lose friends. “You can win friends and gain influence by observing and being tolerant,” observes Emily Post, an etiquette guru. As a new entrant you need to be at the observation post. Just sit back and observe. Who are the live wires whom everybody gravitates to? Who sounds warm and friendly? Who seems to have fallen out of favour and why? Who is to be avoided? While you are observing the environment, you too are being observed. People would try and gauge how easy it would be to get along with you. How would your presence impact their work load?

People like to connect with those who are capable, helpful and conscientious - team players in a nutshell. Those who keep the gossip windmills moving fall out of favour.

Talk sense

Try and identify people with common areas of interest, as this would give you a ground for striking a conversation and building a relationship. Try and be reasonably well informed about subjects of general interest. Brush up on topics that are the talk of the town - e.g. the popular TV soap operas, the latest in Hollywood and Bollywood, music concerts, best selling books etc.

Remember people generally gravitate towards those who are well informed, witty and have a sense of humor. This is not to say that all this can be engineered in a day. One needs to inculcate the habit of being abreast with what’s happening around.

Tread carefully

Do not be too hasty in acting upon your observations. Be amiable towards everybody in general. Extend your hand and see the response. If somebody responds with positive vibes, move forward and work on building the relationship. If somebody is distant and standoffish, beat a hasty retreat.

Hierarchy prevails even in the so-called flat structured organisations. People at the same level form natural groups. Don’t aim at affiliating with a group that is at a level above yours. Just because a senior has been friendly, does not mean that you ask him out for lunch the next day. You may be in for a disappointment. It is the senior person’s call to make the first move and you need to fall in line.

Give it time

Try and associate with people in your peer group. Don’t rush the friendship. It will come to fruition as you strike the right cords during the course of working together. Don’t ask intrusive questions or relate your life story early on in the relationship.

Don’t appear too keen either. If most of the effort towards building the relationship is from your side, you will always be a junior partner. It’s best to meet half way for a balanced relationship.

Match office culture

It also helps to evaluate the culture in the organisation. Is it laced with formality and stiffness, or is it sociable and informal? Do people meet over coffee or a drink outside work hours? Also introspect to evaluate your own personality. Remember that the organisation will not fall in line with your approach. You need to forge relationships within this cultural framework. Don’t adopt too casual an approach in an environment where things are formally laid out and refrain from being too rigid in a sociable set up.

One cannot work in isolation, meet and greet office colleagues to make work fun. Friendships give meaning to our existence. Besides making the work more engaging, friendships at work can develop into life-long associations and it is worth investing time and effort in nurturing such relationships.

10 Tips to connect effectively

Look for like-minded people

Identify common areas of interest

Connect effectively

Identify positive vibes

Behave well, talk sense

Be amicable and helpful

Use wit and sense of humour to your advantage

Spend time together after office hours

Reciprocate, nurture relationships

Build a long-lasting bond, remember to keep in touch even if you are not working in the same office.

(The author is Senior Manager, Training with Morgan Stanley. The views expressed are personal.)

Source: The Economic Times, 1st May, 2007

Always think POSITIVE +++

Stressed and anxious at work? Most people are, but a few know how to get things going with their positive attitude.

By Charu Sabnavis

When entrusted with a difficult assignment or a tough deadline at the workplace, an optimist focuses his energies on identifying a solution and charting out a roadmap. He nurtures a mental attitude that admits positive thoughts, words and images, leading to success and happiness.
Our attitudes are shaped through constant conditioning as a result of interactions with family, friends and environment. They are so ingrained in us that it is an uphill task to alter them. Positive thinking is a hallmark of an optimist professional, who expects to see brightness and sunshine everywhere. The language of an optimist is ‘I will’, ‘I can’, ‘It’s possible’. A pessimist would lose precious time just thinking about the problem. An optimist focuses on the solution, the pessimist on the problem. An optimist would introspect and figure out the disconnect between performance and expectations and try and bridge the gap, never losing sight of the goals.
When caught in the quagmire of negativity, one’s misperceptions overcome one’s logical thinking. These irrational themes are manifested in many ways:

FILTERING:

We magnify the negative aspects of a situation and filter the positive ones. For instance, you have been promoted and you’ve got a good increment. However, the percentage of the increment is a notch below your expectation. You focus on the latter instead of celebrating the former.

PERSONALISING:

You hold yourself responsible for anything that goes wrong. If the team overshoots the project deadline by a day, you take complete responsibility and curse yourself.

CATASTROPHISING:

You live in the realm of Murphy’s Law, expecting anything that could possibly go wrong, will go wrong! E.g. if you are organising a training programme, you will anticipate that the trainer will not turn up, the equipment will fail and the participants will either not show up.

POLARISING:

You look at things in white or black. So the boss is either excellent or nasty, the colleagues are supportive or uncooperative, team members are performing well or not at all.

Making Positive Thinking a Habit:



EVALUATE YOUR THINKING:

Watch your thinking during the course of the day. Check yourself the moment you find yourself edging towards negative thoughts. E.g. Instead of lamenting over lack of resources, think of creative solutions. Similarly, don’t get overawed by tasks that seem too complicated.They’ll seem less daunting if you break them up into smaller units and then address them. If you think that you do not have the expertise in a particular area, look around for experts who can help you. Try and induce more of self acceptance and less of self criticism. This will enable you to relook at ‘problems’ at the work place as ‘learning opportunities’ and handle stress in a realistic and constructive manner.

EXERCISE POSITIVE AFFIRMATIONS

Susan Jeffers, noted self help author, avers that positive affirmation is a proven tool for steering clear of negativity and fear. She explains, “Positive affirmation is a strong positive statement telling us that all is well. With constant repetition of this uplifting and soothing statement, the voice of doom and gloom is replaced with thoughts of peace, power and love.” Pin up positive affirmations like “It is all happening perfectly” or “I am powerful and I can do it” at your office desk or in your car, and look at it on your way to work. It has been demonstrated that just repeating, writing or thinking positive statements lend us strength, whether or not we believe them. And if we say affirmations often enough, we ultimately start believing in them! Positive affirmations can certainly arm us with resilience for facing adversity.

ASSOCIATE WITH POSITIVE PEOPLE

Both positive and negative thoughts are contagious. At the workplace one often encounters unhappy souls, who find something wrong with almost everything around them. They point fingers when things go wrong, they grumble, moan and find fault. It helps to steer clear of these people as they rub off their attitude and state of mind on us. When we meet people, we are affected by their aura and thoughts consciously or subconsciously. Therefore, it helps to be in the midst of people who are optimistic, upbeat and happy.
Positive thinking can empower us in a way that would boost our self esteem, expand our comfort zone and envelope us with well being and health, thus paving way for personal and professional growth. It has been aptly said that a positive thinker sees the invisible, feels the intangible and achieves the impossible!

(The author is Senior Manager, Training, with Morgan Stanley. The views expressed are personal.)

Source: The Times of India, Mumbai, 12th July, 2007

Mandal’s True Inheritors

Reservations should go to MBCs, not OBCs

By Chandra Bhan Prasad

A quarter of a century has passed since the Mandal report was submitted to the president on December 30, 1980. Since then, tonnes of newsprint and plenty of air time have been consumed debating Mandal. But rarely do we confront a basic question — why did L R Naik, the only Dalit member in the Mandal Commission, refuse to sign the Mandal recommendations?
While submitting his report, chairman of the commission B P Mandal wrote to the president on why the commission could not arrive at a consensus, and referred to L R Naik’s note of dissent. That letter forms the inaugural part of the report. How could V P Singh ignore the very first page of the report, which refers to Naik and his note of dissent, while posing as a crusader for social justice?
During the Mandal controversy, the Congress only mildly opposed the report, saying it was not properly debated. Its think tank knew of Naik’s thesis, but didn’t raise it openly. Clearly, V P Singh and Congress had similar political compulsions. Fifteen years have passed since Mandal was implemented in August 1990, but neither the Left and nor the Bharatiya Janata Party talk of Naik’s thesis. Cutting across party lines, all are afraid of discussing his observations.
Naik said that OBCs were made up of two large social blocks — landowning OBCs whom he describes as intermediate backward classes, and artisan OBCs whom he describes as depressed backward classes. According to Naik, intermediate backward classes or upper OBCs (Yadavas, Kurmis, Jats, among others) are relatively powerful, while depressed backward classes, or most backward classes (MBCs), remain economically marginalised. He argued for splitting the Mandal quota into two in order to safeguard interests of MBCs, as he feared that upper OBCs would monopolise Mandal jobs.
Naik said this 25 years back when the nation did not know of Mulayam Singh Yadav, Lalu Prasad Yadav or Nitish Kumar. Today, most states are ruled by upper OBCs, who have evolved into lords of the countryside. People have a fair idea of upper OBC affluence and political power. But who are MBCs and where are they situated in the caste hierarchy? Of this, people are less aware. As traditional service and artisan castes, MBCs are spread all over India. In fact, there can rarely be a village without MBC castes.
With the introduction of modern farm equipment, blacksmiths have become irrelevant. Modern kitchenware did the same to
potters. Has anyone seen palanquins in contemporary India? Only a century back, several hundred thousand people belonging to a caste called Kanhar shouldered this human-powered transport. What happened to them? What happened to Noniyas, the traditional earth movers? Has anyone seen traditional oil-pressing tools in recent times? With motorised oil presses, the bullock driven tool has disappeared. Hundreds of such professions disappeared with the arrival of machines and modernity. What happened to the people involved in those professions?
Traditional artisan and service provider castes called MBCs form more than 50 per cent of the OBC population. With the disappearance of their trades, most of them turned agricultural labourers. In most indices of development, they often fare worse than Dalits. Since they are spread all over India, and divided into so many smaller caste groups, they do not become electorally decisive in any assembly or parliamentary constituency. MBCs have neither political leadership nor any lobby in business or the intellectual world.
Unlike MBCs, upper OBCs are traditional peasant castes, who have now turned into landowning castes. They control most of the countryside’s wealth and institutions. As masters in booth management, upper OBCs control politics at the grass roots, which is reflected in the composition of state assemblies and Parliament. OBCs invest least in
education of their children and block their money in immovable assets.
They need a social movement, not reservations. Naik advocated the cause of voiceless MBCs a quarter century ago and demanded splitting of Mandal quota into two to safeguard their interests. In 2006, justice demands that upper OBCs be expelled from the Mandal list, as MBCs are the truest inheritors of Mandal quotas.
V P Singh refused to buy Naik’s thesis because his eyes were on the powerful upper OBC vote bank. He spoke of social justice but quashed hopes of MBCs. The intelligentsia, which harps on social justice, too stood with upper OBCs, leaving MBCs to their fate. Fifteen years after V P Singh’s assault on social justice, the Congress-led UPA government is going down the same path.
Congress seems to have decided to be the upper OBC party of India. Or else, upper OBCs have blackmailed the UPA government. It is time that the nation got together to redefine the very meaning of social justice. How can the country treat MBCs as social orphans just because they are not a political force? The anti-Mandal lobby gained in legitimacy simply because Mandal went the wrong way.
It is in that sense that Mandal hurts even Dalits. Much of the anti-Mandal steam will evaporate once Mandal is handed over to MBCs — its truest inheritors.

The writer is an ideologue on Dalit issues.

Source: The Times of India 12th April, 2006

The Big Mac index

The Economist's Big Mac index is based on the theory of purchasing-power parity (PPP), according to which exchange rates should adjust to equalise the price of a basket of goods and services around the world. Our basket is a burger: a McDonald’s Big Mac.

The table below shows by how much, in Big Mac PPP terms, selected currencies were over- or undervalued at the end of January. Broadly, the pattern is such as it was last spring, the previous time this table was compiled (see article). The most overvalued currency is the Icelandic krona: the exchange rate that would equalise the price of an Icelandic Big Mac with an American one is 158 kronur to the dollar; the actual rate is 68.4, making the krona 131% too dear. The most undervalued currency is the Chinese yuan, at 56% below its PPP rate; several other Asian currencies also appear to be 40-50% undervalued.

The index is supposed to give a guide to the direction in which currencies should, in theory, head in the long run. It is only a rough guide, because its price reflects non-tradable elements—such as rent and labour. For that reason, it is probably least rough when comparing countries at roughly the same stage of development. Perhaps the most telling numbers in this table are therefore those for the Japanese yen, which is 28% undervalued against the dollar, and the euro, which is 19% overvalued. Hence European finance ministers’ beef with the low level of the yen.

Source: The Economist 1st February, 2007

IT pays well, but only to a few lucky ones

By Thanuja BM & PP Thimmaya

IT sector is generally seen as among the best paymasters in India. Often, parents tell their kids that it is one of the faster ways to become a ‘lakhpati’. However, the reality is that only a minuscule number get into the magic circle with six figure monthly salaries.

A look at the number of persons at the top three Indian IT services giants — TCS, Infosys and Wipro — who draw salaries over Rs 2 lakh per month or Rs 24 lakh per annum shows that this group constitutes just around 0.5% of their total headcount.

To be specific, TCS employed 85,582 persons at end of FY07, of which 221 employees get salaries over Rs 24 lakh pa, accounting for just 0.25% of its total staff strength. And only 11 individuals get over Rs 50 lakh pa which accounts for 0.01% of the employees.

Bangalore-headquartered Infosys Technologies had 72,241 persons in FY07, of which 531 belong to the Rs 24 lakh pa plus category, accounting for 0.73% of the total employees. Of this, only 32 persons draw salaries over Rs 50 lakh, which is 0.04%. Its city peer Wipro employs 75,052 employees, with Wipro Technologies and Wipro Infotech accounting for 67,818 people. Some 306 persons get above Rs 24 lakh pa, accounting for 0.4%. Of this, only 39 get above Rs 50 lakh pa, which is 0.05% of total employees. Only three persons in TCS including CMD S Ramadorai and four in Wipro including Chairman Azim Premji make it to the Rs 1 crore plus pa category.

What do these figures tell you? Well, that one has to be among the high performers or have special or niche skills to get there. The road to salary figures of Rs 2 lakh per month will also certainly take more than a decade in an industry which sees an average hike of salaries in the range of 12-15%.

Says Stanton Chase International vice-president Priya Chetty-Rajagopal: “People with niche skills and positions can get into the Rs 24 lakh plus bracket in 10-12 years. However, for certain businesses and domain areas, especially in the BPO sector, it could happen in 8-10 years depending on the individual.’’ Concurring with the above view, Vati Consulting CEO Amitabh Das says it is a fast tracker with an engineering and MBA degree combo who reaches this level.

Experts say that apart from these salaries, many of the high performers have performance variables and Esops which contribute to a larger overall pay packet. Some companies give Esops which are equivalent to 40-50% of their salaries and are in addition to the salaries paid.

Even at the broader level for the IT industry, it is not a case of those entering the profession turning lakhpatis overnight. TVA Infotech CEO Gautam Sinha says that about 25-30% or 2.5-3 lakh employees of the 1-million strong Indian IT industry get salaries over Rs 1 lakh per month or Rs 12 lakh per year. And about 1-2% of this number, ie 10,000-20,000 people across the industry, earn a Rs 24-lakh and above salary, excluding Esops and extra benefits.

The average time taken for a fresher to breach the lakh mark depends on the institute the person comes from and the base salary in the campus offer letter. “If one has got a Rs 6 lakh per annum offer, which is typically high end of the fresher market, you can reach the six figures in 2.5-3 years. Whereas if you have got a Rs 2 lakh offer, then it will take one about 6-7 years to reach the mark,’’ says Mr Sinha.

According to a compensation survey and student perception study conducted by Campus Connect, a division of CareerNet Consulting, just 2.5% of over 4 lakh engineering students graduating every year in the country draw upwards of Rs 7 lakh p.a.

Source: The Economic Times, 10th July, 2007

A myth called the Indian programmer

By T Surendar

They are the poster boys of matrimonial classifieds. They are paid handsomely, perceived to be intelligent and travel abroad frequently. Single-handedly, they brought purpose to the otherwise sleepy city of Bangalore. Indian software engineers are today the face of a third-world rebellion. But what exactly do they do? That’s a disturbing question.
Last week, during the annual fair of the software industry’s apex body Nasscom, no one uttered a word about India’s programmers. The event, which brought together software professionals from around the world, used up all its 29 sessions to discuss prospects to improve the performance of software companies. Panels chose to debate extensively on subjects like managing innovation, business growth and multiple geographies. But there was nothing on programmers, who you would imagine are the driving force behind the success of the Indian software companies. Perhaps you imagined wrong. “It is an explosive truth that local software companies won’t accept. Most software professionals in India are not programmers, they are mere coders,” says a senior executive from a global consultancy firm, who has helped Nasscom in researching its industry reports.
In industry parlance, coders are akin to smart assembly line workers as opposed to programmers who are plant engineers. Programmers are the brains, the glorious visionaries who create things. Large software programmes that often run into billions of lines are designed and developed by a handful of programmers. Coders follow instructions to write, evaluate and test small components of the large program. As a computer science student in IIT Mumbai puts it — if programming requires a post graduate level of knowledge of complex algorithms and programming methods, coding requires only high school knowledge of the subject. Coding is also the grime job. It is repetitive and monotonous. Coders know that. They feel stuck in their jobs. They have fallen into the trap of the software hype and now realise that though their status is glorified in the society, intellectually they are stranded. Companies do not offer them stock options anymore and their salaries are not growing at the spectacular rates at which they did a few years ago.
“There is nothing new to learn from the job I am doing in Pune. I could have done it with some training even after passing high school,” says a 25-yearold who joined Infosys after finishing his engineering course in Nagpur. A Microsoft analyst says, “Like our manufacturing industry, the Indian software industry is largely a process driven one. That should speak for the fact that we still don’t have a domestic software product like Yahoo or Google to use in our daily lives.”
IIT graduates have consciously shunned India’s best known companies like Infosys and TCS, though they offered very attractive salaries. Last year, from IIT Powai, the top three Indian IT companies got just 10 students out of the 574 who passed out. The best computer science students prefer to join companies like Google and Trilogy. Krishna Prasad from the College of Engineering, Guindy, Chennai, who did not bite Infosys’ offer, says, “The entrance test to join TCS is a joke compared to the one in Trilogy. That speaks of what the Indian firms are looking for.”
A senior TCS executive, who requested anonymity, admitted that the perception of coders is changing even within the company. It is a gloomy outlook. He believes it has a lot to do with business dynamics. The executive, a programmer for two decades, says that in the late ’70s and early ’80s, software drew a motley set of professionals from all kinds of fields. In the mid-’90s, as onsite projects increased dramatically, software companies started picking all the engineers they could as the US authorities granted visas only to graduates who had four years of education after high school. “After Y2K, as American companies discovered India’s cheap software professionals, the demand for engineers shot up,” the executive says. Most of these engineers were coders. They were almost identical workers who sat long hours to write line after line of codes, or test a fraction of a programme. They did not complain because their pay and perks were good. Now, the demand for coding has diminished, and there is a churning.
Over the years, due to the improved communication networks and increased reliability of Indian firms, projects that required a worker to be at a client’s site, say in America, are dwindling in number. And with it the need for engineers who have four years of education after high school. Graduates from non-professional courses, companies know, can do the engineer’s job equally well. Also, over the years, as Indian companies have already coded for many common applications like banking, insurance and accounting, they have created libraries of code which they reuse.
Top software companies have now started recruiting science graduates who will be trained alongside engineers and deployed in the same projects. The CEO of India’s largest software company TCS, S Ramadorai, had earlier explained, “The core programming still requires technical skills. But, there are other jobs we found that can be done by graduates.” NIIT’s Arvind Thakur says, “We have always maintained that it is the aptitude and not qualifications that is vital for programming. In fact, there are cases where graduate programmers have done better than the ones from the engineering stream.”
Software engineers, are increasingly getting dejected. Sachin Rao, one of the coders stuck in the routine of a job that does not excite him anymore, has been toying with the idea of moving out of Infosys but cannot find a different kind of “break”, given his coding experience. He sums up his plight by vaguely recollecting a story in which thousands of caterpillars keep climbing a wall, the height of which they don’t know. They clamber over each other, fall, start again, but keep climbing. They don’t know that they can eventually fly. Rao cannot remember how the story ends but feels the coders of India today are like the caterpillars who plod their way through while there are more spectacular ways of reaching the various destinations of life.

Source: The Times of India 18th February, 2007

Muslim Puzzle

By Harbans Mukhia

The Muslim question, never out of sight in the Indian context, has again been brought centrestage by the Sachar committee.

It is time to look at some of the commonplace assumptions about how the Muslims came to inhabit India in such large numbers — after all, the world's largest Muslim population lives in South Asia.

The notion that most of those who converted to Islam in mediaeval India did so to escape the oppressive Hindu caste system seems to underlie the Sachar committee report.

This theory was lent academic respectability by a 100-odd page essay in 1952 by Muhammad Habib of the history department of Aligarh Muslim University.

Examining the easy victory of the Turkish Muslim invaders of India in early 13th century, Habib, inspired by visions of massive popular uprisings in Russia and China in his century, was dismayed by the absence of such resistance in India, and explained it in terms of caste oppression.

He felt that the coming of Islam, even at the hands of the decadent Turks, far from inspiring popular defence of India's rulers, was welcomed.

The positive point about this novel explanation was that it brought society into the explanation of a major series of events, distinct from the 'divided rulers' theory.

The flaws were many: Its source was a mere two excerpts from Manusmriti and Al Beruni, separated by several centuries.

The assumption that these normative prescriptions reflected society's actual functioning, which remained unaltered over centuries, was highly suspect.

But there is an even more substantial basis for questioning the theory. If rebellion against the repressive Brahminical caste regime led to the acceptance of Islam as an alternative, one would have expected massive conversions in the heartland of the Hindu orthodoxy: in the northern plains, in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar more than anywhere else.

Yet, here, according to census reports, the Muslim population never exceeded around 15 per cent. The real mass conversions took place in areas of very weak Brahminical hold: Kashmir valley, Malabar, and what is now Pakistan and Bangladesh.

This brings up the second common assumption: the mediaeval Muslim state, guided by the binding Islamic precept of converting kafirs to Islam, exercising immense power for five and a half centuries, was clearly the chief agency of conversions.

This is the favourite hobbyhorse of the sangh parivar. History, however, has a strange habit of decimating easy assumptions.

If the Gangetic plains comprised the heartland of Brahminical orthodoxy, it was also the core of the highly centralised as well as long lasting Muslim power in mediaeval times.

Yet, massive conversions to Islam occurred in the outlying areas, in the four geographical corners of pre-partition India, which also comprised the politically peripheral corners of Muslim power in mediaeval India.

Kashmir valley had turned to Islam long before Akbar had conquered it and Malabar had forever lain beyond the reach of the Muslim state in the north.

West Punjab and East Bengal were in a fairly constant state of rebellion which the rulers sitting in Agra or Delhi were seldom able to control for any meaningful length of time.

There thus appears to be a clear inverse relationship between Hindu orthodoxy and concentration of poli-tical and administrative authority on one hand and regional density of Muslim population on the other.

If that were not enough, the available evidence suggests that the heaviest concentration of conversions occurred in a century or so when the British regime had fully established itself in India - between the mid-19th century and 1941 when the last census before partition was compiled.

While one in every six individuals in the subcontinent got converted between the arrival of Islam in India in the 11th century and about 1850, the ratio rose to one in every four in the next century, when Mughal power had long gone.

How about the Sufis, then? While we do get occasional references to conversions being effected by Sufis, even a preliminary review of the itinerary of their migrations would indicate that they were moving from one Muslim-dominated area to another and rarely to a non-Muslim area where conversions could be made.

Indeed, when Muhammad bin Tughlaq, before moving his capital from Delhi to Deogiri in Maharashtra suggested that Sufis go and settle in the region to prepare a Muslim base for his arrival, they refused point blank.

While practising Islam and spreading its message was central for Sufis, it seems to have fallen way short of any attempt for mass conversions.

We are thus faced with a massive paradox: While the world's largest chunk of Muslim population inhabits the Indian subcontinent, there is not a single work on the process of conversions here.

This is largely because we don't have enough data from mediaeval India for historians to work with. This absence by itself defies any attempt to locate a single, or even a major agency or cause or occasion, for mass conversions.

We need instead to look for diverse agencies and processes which worked unobtrusively over long stretches of time to turn such huge numbers towards Islam.

The writer is a former professor of history at JNU.

Source: The Times of India 29th November, 2006

ANDHRA PRADESH - THE LAND OF PARADISE

“TELMUN LANGUAGE TELUGU”
"తెల్‌మున్‌ భాష తెలుగు"

By Miss. Samyuktha Kooniah M.A (Ph.d)

Introduction

The dawn of civilization has brought us to the present millennium where the way of life, communication and travel is constantly updated day to day, but in this ever changing world some things stay the same such as language, customs and house names which are passed from generation to generation to be identified in a community. Each one of us are born into a family and we inherit the language, traditions and the family name, which we later pass it on with pride to our children and hope that some day they glorify it.

In our busy lives we over look the fact that some of our language, custom and house names have a history that goes back to thousands of years. To trace back its origin would be an amazing journey. This single thought motivated me to take such a journey that began with finding the roots to my house name and customs. The history that I stumbled upon is deep rooted.

It all began with the first human migration that started from Africa more than 80,000 years ago, one of its branch migrated to Asia and the other migrated to Europe. Since then many more migrations took place in various countries except like America and Australia etc.

We all know the historic migration of Aryans to India but there is no glorified documentation of the ancient Indians migrating to other countries except for the few archeological evidence left behind by the Indus traders in Sumer.

To understand the contribution of Andhra Pradesh and the Telugu language to the ancient history, I have categorized my discovery in the following respectively:

1. Telmun language Telugu.
2. Similarities between Kamkur village and Jewish customs
3. House names of Andhra Pradesh found in Judaism.

The power of communication is felt by every one as we use language to convey our feelings, trade, exchange of ideas etc. This very power of Language is our source of history that holds the mysteries of the ancient world.

Man’s journey has been a long one from hunter-gatherer to stepping on the moon. The evolution of language was slow and steady form the use of gestures to expressing feelings which led to the eventual need far language. As man learned to speak, the urge to write developed. We are fortunate today to discover the ancient way of life belief, faith and legends, through the vast number of scriptures found at Sumeir.

The Sumerian civilization is one among the great civilizations of the ancient world. The reason that the Sumerian civilization is glorified mainly because it gave birth to the stories of Genesis in the Holy Bible, based upon the Telmun stories.

Telmun popularly known as “The Land of Paradise” which is said to be on the direction of the sun rising East is the home land of the Sumerians, as they migrated from Telmun and settled in lower Mesopotamia.

The Sumerians wrote about their legends, and about their ancestors in the cuneiform text on clay tablets, in which Enki is said to be their god, and Ziusudra was the was the forefather of their ancestors.(Ziusudra is also known as Noah of the Holy Bible).

Discovering Telmun has become a quest for every historian. Telmun has been forgotten for 2,500 years, because of which it is known as the “Lost Civilization” (*1) and it is also believed that the language of this lost civilization (Telmun) is lost as well, or in other words not in use.

If the Sumerian Land of Paradise is ever discovered, the Land of Shinar of Genesis would reveal itself, which would mean that we will come to know the origin of Ziusudra (Noah) and Abraham as well.

Abram (Abraham) was the father of the people of the “old Testament”, which makes him the father of many nations, the Jews, the Christians, and the Muslims.

The need to discover Telmun is an obsession with many historians, as this discovery would be the missing peace of the puzzle that could answer many questions.

As mentioned earlier that the Sumerians not only migrated from Telmun and settled in Sumer, they were also known as Assyrians. They maintained active trade contact between these two lands, and as a result many trade transactions and documents were discovered, which gives us an idea of what their life was like in he ancient time.

These documents and trade transactions were latter deciphered by great men like sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, A.L.Openhime, Michale Rice, Kramer etc. These deciphered records are an treasure trove for historians.

I discovered the land (Telmun) and its language, I found the literary evidence to prove that Telmun exists to this day as “Telugu Nadu” and its language is known as Dravidian language, a mix of Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam respectively. Many scholars are of the opinion that the Telugu language did not exist in B.C.and the popular belief is that the Telugu literature developed from the 10th century A.D onwards which is classified into Brahmanical Buddist and Jain literature.On the other hand the discovery of a Brahmi lable inscription reading “Thambhaya Dhaanam”(*2) is engraved on the soap stone reliquary datable to 2nd Century B.C. on Paleographical ground proves the fact that Telugu language predates the known conception in Andhra Pradesh.

I found the evidence of the Telugu language being extensively used as the main language in the cuneiform clay tablets, where as Tamil and Kannada languages were minimally used. Through these numerous letters, records, and articles, historians gathered information about Telmun.

Assurbanipal(*3) was a great king of Assyria in the Sumerian history. Archaeologists unearthed 25,000 clay tablets from Assurbanipal’s library. Henry Rawlinson deciphered the cuneiform text and published his findings in 1852 A.D. in London his interpretation was widely criticized however in 1857.A.D. the critics were silenced and Rawlinson’s decipherment vindicated. Through Assrubanipals library the world came to know the authentic account of the Flood legend along with many other legends.Scholars agreed that the stories of Gensis in the Holy Bible were based upon the Sumerian Paradise Land known as Telmun. We find an earliest record known to us which dates back to 2520 B.C.(*4) and mentions that the people of Telmun or Dilmun brought wood in a ship from a foreign country to Lagash king of UR-Nanshe.

Through numerous excavations conducted in Eraq the archeologists unearthed many constructions sites out of which a trader’s house in Ur named Ea-Nasir is important dating back to 1794 B.C.(*5) as the archaeologists found number of clay tablets in the house. These clay tablets contained the evidence of Dravidian language.

I: Telmun Language Telugu : Methodology

From Susa, we have a text which Lambert dates the early Isin Larsa period (2025.B.c. to 1736 B.c) on paleographical grounds (1976: 71) while the entire text appears to resemble the Ur business contracts we reproduce only the obverse here.

Obv

	Susa Text	Meaning In English
1	10 ma-na urudu (x?)	Ten minas of copper
2	iti e- la-ma-tum	(in) the month of Elamatum
3	ki-A-ab-ba	from Appa^? (cf-UET v5)
4	ki mi – il – ki –il	(and) Mi-il-ki-il
5	dum Te’ – im-dEn-za-ag	Son of Te-im-En-za-ak
6	e’?-ki-ba-(x-x)	The e-ki-ba
7	^Su-ba-ti	Received.

(*6) From the above record we find the presence of the Dravidian language and amazing as it is we still use some of these words in today.

Below is the chart of how these words are used in the original form as well as in slight variation in Telugu and Tamil languages.

	From Susa	Telugu Language	Tamil Language
1	Iti-e-la-ma-tum	Idhi –meaning – this Used in a sentence
2	Iti	Idhi maa illu- meaning –this is my house	ela- meaning-young
3	Ela	letha-meaning-young	ilamai-meaning-youthful used in a sentence elamai Paruvam meaning teenage.
4	Ma-tum	nela-meaning-month	maatham- meaning month used in a sentence margali maatham –meaning the month of margali(one of the 12 months in the Tamil Calender) ela-is not in use at present in the Tamil calender.
5	A-ab-ba	Abba-meaning father used in a sentence –yevadabba sommani murisevu raamachandhra?-(this is taken from the famous Bhaktha Raama Dhaasa Keerthanam) – meaning who’s father’s wealth do you think you are enjoying?	Appa – meaning father.

In Sargon cylindrical seal ( cyl kb 1142-2) the information about Telmun and also the mention of a person named Sandanu who is also known as Sindaram Bab – sind + Aram – Bab-Anu> Sandanu is of importance.

	Sargon cylinder	Telugu Language	Tamil Language
1	Sindaram		Sind-is found in Tamil language as sindanai – meaning – thinking Sind – later became to be known as Hind by the Arabs, which in turn became India. Sind-River-later was known as Indians River Sind-Province – this province exists today in Pakistan
2	Bab	Bab-male gender
3	Aram	Aram –used in a sentence Aram vallu – meaning People of Tamilnadu.
4	Sandanu	Santhanu-is found commonly as a name- as in Santhana Laxmi	Santhanu-is also a common name found in Tamil Language as well.
5	Anu	Anu-meaning Alias

Sindaram Bab-meaning man from India (Tamilnadu)

In the sargon seal we find the word Kommel EG-5433= mur-gun (-gun) -nu.

	Sargon cylinder	Telugu Language	Tamil Language
1	Kommel	Kommu-is used in deferent context as in – root and as – horn – for example Pasupu Kommu- Meaning – Turmeric root Yeddhu Kommu- Meaning-Bull’s horn El-elica-means ruler - yelikaa	Kommel- is an common name used in Tamil language
2	Mur-gun-nu	Subrahmanya swami-the son of parvathi and parameswar(siva)	Murugan-is a name of god’s son also known as subrhmanya swami-son of Parvathi and Parameswara (siva)

In the Neo-Babylonian contracts dealing with harra’nu –transactions , the pharse “ half – share of the profit” (anu ina uthr) occurs relatively few (cf-san nicolo in NRV Ip – 554 f .):

The business activities referred to are performed typically in aa^lu u se^ri in the city and over land

	Neo – Babylonian	Telugu Language	Tamil Language
1	A a- lu – u – se-ri		Aalukka- meaning for person or per person used in a sentence aalukku seri paadhi – meaning- equally divided between two people still in use in Tamil
2	Seri	Seri – meaning equal Cheri- meaning equal	Seri – meaning equal.

Only vs IV 11: 8 referes to the sharing of the losses in the unique phrase “ together they will make profits and suffer losses (I-s^aq-qu-uui-s^ a p – pi – lu). The” You Ageement” was written by Alik Telmun merchants.

	Neo – Babylonian	Telugu Language
1	Aqqu – appilu	Akku – Hakku – with very little variation Hakku – meaning – right to, as in naming a rightful profit in a business
2	Appilu	Appu – with slight variation – appu – meaning in debt, in business it means loss, which is not used in the present day rather its used for the word debt Hakku – Appu – are still used in Telugu language

The large amount of Burgul – seals (uet 5) linguistically are of interest eg. The writing a-na-am-di-in in uet5 265: 12, case line 9 ( also) attested in other old Babylonian dialects) note further more the “Provincial” spellings in uet 5, 30: 12 – ni – ma – ak- kn – isku-nu-ti, and 24 ni-im-ta-ha-is.

	Old Bobylonian	Telugu Language	Kannada Longuage
1	ni-ma-ak-ku		nemage-meaning for you .Or -to you
2	Isukkunuti	Echchukunuti – meaning – I have given
3	Nimaaku isukkunuti	Neeku echchukunuti-meaning – I have given to you

The interesting tablet uet 5-428 seems to contain two sample text loans connected with the oversea trade of Ur. The first of these formulae (Lines 1-9) runs as follows

1) Pn 2. He“5” shekels of silver as a tadmiqth – loan ( nam-ka-sa6. sa 6. gi. Di) Pn 1 has borrowed form will return the silver at at moment (yet) to be determined (?) (text; ki-aw. Kal. Bi. Se = anaittisu), 14 (this) he was sworn by the life of the king.

	Old Bobylonian	Telugu Language	Kannada Longuage
1	Ana ittisu	Ana-is also used in Telugu, language it is the first word written today in the making of a promissory note, Ana- means sworn mostly used in trade contacts as well.	Ana+ittisu Ana-meaning –sworn Ittisu-meaning- I did Ana ittisu – this word is still used in kannada language – meaning he swore, or he is sworn

Ana-ittisu(*7) – this is used in the above trade contract so the scholors named the record as “ANA ITTISU” record .

As to the main object of the Telmun trade, the copper (termed URUDU and – only in business letters – warum akk-wariam and waram ) we obtain most of the evidence from the letters ( uet 5-22, 29,71 and 81) addressed to a certain Ea –nasir , a traveling merchant and importer of Telmun copper especially revealing with regard to the background of the Telmun trade is the long letter uet 5- 81, the writer complains bitterly that our Ea-Nasir had promised to give to his messenger only good copper ingots while he, in fact , showed him bad ones with the added ensult of a remark which is the Old-Babylonian equivalent to our “take it or leave it” outraged, the writer of this letter exclaims “ who am I that you are treating me in this manner.

The trader Nanni from Telmun and trader Ea-nasir from Sumer, (Iraq’s Ur) together they wrote a trade contract in a temple .

Ea-Nasir lived in 1794 B.C. in Ur. He agreed in his trade contract to supply good quality of copper to Nanni instead he delivered cheap quality copper to the middle man.

(Nanni)- “ Be kind enough to give all the copper which you owe to PN (wa-ri-a-am ma-la e-li-k(a) i- su-u du-um-mi- iq-ma a-na. N. (i) – di –in) and offend me ? (ia-a-ti a-na ki (!)–ma ma-an-ni-im tu-si-im-ma-ni-(i)–ma ki – a – am tu-me-i (s-an) ni lines 16-18) ;( that this could happen between ) gentlemen as we (both) are ! (ma-a-ri-a-we-li ki-ma ne-ti, elliptic in line 19)” and he continues, “Who is there amongst the Telmun traders who has (ever) acted against me in this way (i-na a-li-ik Te –el (!) – mu-un ma –an –nu-um sa ki-a-am i- pu – sa- an – ni-i-ma lines 26 – 27) ?” More important however, is the argument of Ea-nasir which the writer quotes verbatim in lines 33-39: “ I myself gave on account of you 19 talents of copper to the palace and Sumi-abum gave (likewise) 18 talents of copper, apart from the sealed document which we both handed over to the temple of Shamash”.18

From the above record (*8)

	Nanni’s Letter 1794 B.C From Telmun	Today’s Telugu Language	Translation In English
1	ia	ayya	Mister
2	a-ti	adhi	that
3	a-na	anna	1)elder brother 2)name- (a) Annamachariya (name of a person) (b) Annavaram (name of a place)
4	ki-ma-ma	imma	to give
5	an-ni-im	aniyu	and said
6	tu-si	thoosi	measure
7	im-ma-ni	evva mani	said to give
8	ma-ki	memu	I ,us or me
9	a-am-tu-me	antime	have said
10	i-ni	aina	regardless or nevertheless
11	ma-a-ri	mari	and or but
12	a-we-li	a vela	that price
13	ki-ma-ne-ti	evvamanti	I asked you to give
14	i-na	aina	but, regardless or nevertheless
15	a-li-ik	aliik	expression for greatness
16	Te-el-mu-un	Thelmun	the Land of Paradise
17	ma	memu	me,we,or us
18	an-nu-um	anyayaam	injustice
19	sa-ki-a-am	sahinchamu	will not tolerate
20	i-pu-sa	inthaa	this much
21	an-ni-i-ma	anyayaamaa?	injustice?

Comparison of Nanni;s letter with today’s Telugu language with English translation:

Nanny’s letter 1794 B.C. Telmun	Today’s Telugu Language	Translation in English
ia-a-ti a-na ki-ma ma-an-ni-im tu-si-im-ma-ni-(i)-ma ki-a-am tu-me-i(s-an)ni ma-a-ri a-we-li ki-ma ne-ti i-na a-li-ik Te-el-mu-un ma-an-nu-um sa ki-a-am i-pu-sa –an-ni-i-ma?	Ayyaa ! adhi annaki evvamani mamu antime. Thoosi evvamani,memu antime. Aina mari avelaki evvamanti. Aina Aliik Thelmun vallame! Memu anyayam sahinchamu. Entha anyayamaa?	Mister! Measure and give it (copper) to Ana. But asked you to give it (copper) on that (agreed price) price. But I am from great Telmun. I will not tolerate this injustice. What an injustice?

One cannot explain how much Nanni’s letter in Telugu has helped the Telugu language The records of Telmun are scattered around the world in various universities and museums in countries like America, England and France to help us find more information about the Dravidian language. The encouragement that Nanni’s letter has given to the Telugu people is incredible, infact the letter gives us an opportunity to step ahead and to gather the deciphered records form the concerned universities and museums to give birth to an new Era in the history of Andhra Pradesh and its people. Nanni’s letter stands as a witness to clear all untrue myths about the origin of Telugu language. This letter is world famous, as the archaeologists unearthed Ea-Nasir’s house along with the trade documents which gives us an glimpse of the ancient trade, trading materials and the way of life. The archeologists dated Ea-Nasir to 1794 B.C. Through my theory I discovered that the people Telmun and Sumeir spoke in Telugu language.

8: we also find the word summa teleqi- meaning suba Telmun, and teleqi sounds like Telugu

9: aleqi – meaning alik

10: aatlaka- meaning aalaagaa

11: tilani –meaning Telmun.

12: Bullutu (of small children) = meaning –bulli papalu.

13: Raamit Batte –king of Kuppi.

14: kimu –name of a place Kamu.

15: We find urusiib as pronunciation of URU - meaning Telmun, and also the mention of the place known as Kimu, and their primary business as Gasu.

I found an abanded village known as Ur as well as its annexed village known as Kamakure and numerous ruined glass manufacturing ovens in and around these two villages and the surrounding forest and I have submitted 286 stone age implements which proves its antiquity going back to Paleolithic times.

In this village Kamakure I discovered the Lost Tribes of Israel with 21 Existing Jewish Family Names, according to The Holy Bible The home land of Abraham was Ur and Harran. After the disperse of the Jews from Israel nearly 2500 years ago they came back to Ur of Kamakur. The Sepher Yetzirah is one of the most famous of the ancient Qabalistic texts. It was first put into writing around 200 A.D.

49. The Dragon, TLI, Theli. The Hebrew letters amount in numeration to 440, that is 400, 30 and 10. The best opinion is that Tali or Theli refers to the 12 Zodiacal constellations along the great circle of the Ecliptic; where it ends there it begins again, and so the ancient occultists drew the Dragon with its tail in its mouth. Some have thought that Tali referred to the constellation Draco, which meanders across the Northern polar sky; others have referred it to the Milky Way; others to an imaginary line joining Caput to Cauda Draconis, the upper and lower nodes of the Moon. Adolphe Franck says that Theli is an Arabic word. . The

Theli (Chaldis.)-meaning - The great Dragon said to environ the universe symbolically.

In Hebrew letters it is TLI= 400+30+10 = 440 when “its crest [ letter] is repressed”,said the Rabbis, 40 remains, or the equivalent of Mem=M=Water, the waters above the firmament. Evidently the same idea as symbolized by Shesha—the Serpent of Vishnu.

Draco-map-1

Draco-map-2

Draco-map-3

In comparison the diagram of the Hindu universe has a snake with its tail in its mouth on top of which is a tortoise on top of it are elephants holding the world on top of which is a temple.

The Diagram of the Hindu Universe

Thelivaha River –meaning the river which carries the ships of Theli

TLI =TALI or THLI or STHRI= Female

TALI= Thalli- meaning Mother in Telugu

Taali=Thaali- meaning Marital sacred thread with a small gold dollar that has circle within a ciercle that is similar to the Egyptian symbol of Ra .

Variant spellings - TALLI - TALLEY - TALLIE - TALLY

TELEQE

Andhra Pradesh is known as Naga Nadu. And Theli of Chaldis and of the Hebrews is perfectly matching with the land of serpent.

Naga-Sumtarg-an Deity of the pre Sumeria ,going back to The tell (mound) of Ubaid near Ur in southern Iraq has given its name to the prehistoric chalcolithic culture which represents the earliest settlement on the alluvial plain of southern Mesopotamia. The Ubaid culture had a long duration beginning before 5300 BCE and lasting until the beginning of the Uruk period, circa 4000 BCE.

Pictures below  strengthens the relation between Naganadu(Andhra Pradesh)and Sumer

Naga-Sumtarg                            Naga God                      Isis-Osaris Snakes            Isis Snake Of Egypt     
 

Naga God Of Sumeir                                                    Naga Gods of Sumeir                 

The following are some pictures of the Hindu Naga Gods:

The Pre Sumerian Goddess Naga-Sumatarg is also known as the Queen Of Orion.

History of the star: A double star in Orion's head, 3.7 and 6, pale white and violet.

The Arabic name for Meissa is Al-Maisan, "The shining one" or "The white spot". [Al Maisan is also a title of gamma Gemini (Alhena), by some error was applied to this star as Meissa, and is now common for it].

Al Sufi called it Al Tahayi; but others knew it as Ras al Jauzah, "the Head of the Jauzah", which it marks. [In early Arabic astronomy Orion was Al Jauzah, the term used for a black sheep with a white spot on the middle of the body].

The original Arabic name, was Al-Haq'ah (1), Al Hakah, or Heca "a White Spot", was from the added faint light of the smaller phi¹ and phi² in the background, and has descended to us as Heka and Hika.

These three stars were another of the Athafiyy of the Arabs; and everywhere in early astrology were thought, like all similar groups, to be of unfortunate influence in human affairs [possibly because they were stormy and war stars].

They constituted the Euphratean lunar station Mas-tab-ba-tur-tur, "the Little Twins" [a title also found for gamma and eta Gemini]; and individually were important stars among the Babylonians, rising to them with the sun at the summer solstice.

Alpha (Betelgeuse) with gamma (Bellatrix) and lamda (this star Meissa) were the Euphratean Kakkab Sar, the "Constellation of the King", or Ungal - which portended fortune, martial honors, wealth, and other kingly attributes.

In other lunar zodiacs they were the Sogdian Marezana, and the Khorasmian Ikhma, "the Twins"; the Persian Avecr, "the Coronet"; and the Coptic Klusos, "Watery".

These same stars also constituted the Hindu 5th nakshatra Mrigaciras, or Mrigacirsha, the "Head of the Stag", — Soma, the Moon, being its presiding divinity, and this star lamda was the junction star towards Ardra, and its determinant.

Other Hindu titles; Andhaka, "Blind", apparently from its dimness [Orion's head is outlined by dim stars but Orion's body has many brilliant stars (like the faceless bureaucracy which this constellation rules)]; Aryika, "Honorable", or "Worthy"; and Invaka (Invala), of doubtful meaning. (Allen).

16: URU+UD meaning copper.

17: malku-sarru = meaning naa-si-rakam sarruku.

18: specific plants = kulturpflanzen=meaning kalpa-taru chetlu

19: Dilmun-ki-magan labiuim ne-ne tagina e Ningal=meaning Dilmun nunchi Magan nunch laabham ne –ne tahginantha esthanu Nin-gal devatha ki (Ningal is the Sumerian goddess.)

20: Gilgamesh = we have in Telugu the name Kamesh

21: the name amelu – alamelu.

22:damkarranu muunta zu zu - meaning the debater damkaranu muntha chu chu nu.- meaning that the debtor Damakaranu only accepts profits not losses.

23:turk tari kurumu- meaning thurk ki dhaari chappumu.

24: hala –name of a person in Telmun

25: sinmagir – name of a person.

26: karra Uri ki – meaning Uri karra.

27: datu – meaning Dhanthamu.

28: uquppi – kuppi –kothi

29: aabba – meaning name of a person.

30: abbaka – name of a person.

31: gaissu – meaning gasu- glass.

32: sakanakku – name of a person in Telmun.(Sakasena is one of the kings of Satavahana,the rulers of Andhra Pradesh ,so the word SAKA is found in both the names,which means SAKA is native name of Andhra Pradesh)

33: uperi – king of Telmun

34: hundaru – king of Telmun.

35: iidru- name of a person in Telmun

36: xyilum – name of a king

From the above list it’s evident that the Telugu language existed 4000 yeas ago and it was the ancient language of the Land of Paradise Telmun and today it’s known as Andhra Pradesh.

Bahrain (Arabian- Gulf) is popularly known as Dilmun (Telmun) but through all the evidence I believe that Bahrain was a transit harbor between Indus Valley and Assyria in the ancient history. The Holy Bible mentions that Abraham came from Ur of Iraq,but unfortunately the archeologists were unsuccessful in finding any clue to prove this fact. The Jews believe that the history of the Holy Bible’s Old Testament took place in Iraq, but the Assyrian Paradise Land was Telmun and their holy legends took place in Telmun. According to my discovery the land of Telmun is Andhra Pradesh and therefore the history of Abraham and the Hebrews must have taken place in Andhra Pradesh,to support this theory, I found a remote village in Nellore district known as Kamakur. The uniqueness of this village is that it is an continues habitat site from the Paleolithic age, and the other aspect is that the villagers follow some Jewish customs even today. The following is an list of the similarities between the kamakur village and the Jewish customs.

II: Similarities between Kamkur village and Jewish customs

	The Kamakur Village Customs		The Jewish Customs
1:a	When excavations were conducted by the A.P Archeology Deparment along with me in the Kamakur Village in1992, we came across an more ancient site which is known as Ur. Located just beside Kamakur. The ancient of Ur was destroyed long ago and the villagers now have planted lemon gardens.	1:a	According the Holy Bible Abram (Abraham) lived in Ur.
b	Ur is an ancient holy place, most of the towns and villages add Ur, at the end of its name for example:- Gudur - Gud+ur Rapur - Rap+ur ,etc.	b
c	We excavated a temple site in Ur, which had three levels of ground. The floor was laid with baked bricks with raised platform of two feet in height, which is the first level. In the corner of the second level we found a goat’s foot print, at the end of the third level we found a sacrificial alter made of stone.	c	In the Holy Bible Abraham sacrificed a got instead of his son. Sumerian God Enki also mention as I bex (goat).
d	The ancient Abiras belong to Andhra Pradesh and, Lord Krishna belongs to this tribe Abba – meaning father.	d	Abrahams Ur is also mentioned as Habiru. Some Scholars are of the opinion that the word Hebrew was derived from the word Habiru. Abba – meaning father.
	The Kamakur Village Customs		The Jewish Customs
e	The river Penna flows in Nellore District.	e	The word Penna Is an Hebrew word The word Penna is also the first and second alphabet of the Hebrew language.
f	The river Krishna which flows in Andhra Pradesh is an ancient river also known as Kanna Benna (Krishna meaning Black colour) knna and Krishna are the same names of Lord Krishna	f	The ancient river Kishon is mentioned in the Holy Bible, as well as river Canah.
2	Tel-Valley civilization existed on the banks of river Teli Vaha, and their language was Telugu. (The river got this name because Saseme oil was exported by ancient ships on this river.) Tila – meaning Seseme Seed	2	Telmun is an ancient Sumerian Paradise land.
3:a	Sudharas are the natives of South India. Desendents of Ziusudra? Noah—meaning pain in the Telugu Language Noe – meaning pain or Sickness in the Tamil Language	3:a	Sumerian flood legend saviour is Ziusudra is also known as Noe and Noah in the Holy Bible.
b	Hindus also have a flood legend and its Hero is known as Baisbasbata.	b	Sumerian flood legend and the Holy Bible’s flood legend are similar.
4	South India consist of four state and four languages. These are Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam, together these are known as Dravidian language. I discovered Telugu, Tamil and Kannada in the ancient Sumerian records under the Telmun language.	4	The famous angry letter (1794 BC) received by the trader Ea-nasir of Ur (sumer), from Nanni of Telmun (Paradise Land) is a very famous latter. The contents of this letter is in the Telugu language (my discovery). I have the copy of the record with me, published in America, and I acquired in Bahrain (Arabian Gulf) Archaeological Society.
5:a	The village Kama Kur –when broken down. Kur – meaning – Land Kama-meaning – Crossing. Kamakur = meaning the land of Crossing. for example- 1) Kandhukur = Kandhu+kur	5a	In Sumerian legends the Land of Paradise was also known as Kurbala, which the scholars translated as:- Kur – meaning land and Bala- meaning crossing. Kurbala is also known as Kamakur, Telmun, Dilmun, Tilvan and Telun.
	The Kamakur Village Customs		The Jewish Customs
5:a	2) Indhukur = Indhu+kur etc.,	5:a	Land of Kamuhu is also mentioned in the Sumerian records.
b	The people of Kamakur are farmers, traders and they also use to manufacture glass. Numerous glass manufacturing ovens were found in around Kamakur village, because of which they are commonly bangle makers.(Gajula Balija).	b	The people of the Holy Bible where glass manufacturers. The people of Kamuhu’s profession is mentioned as Gasu (kasu). Kasa – in Arabic means glass.
c	Primarily the villagers of Kamakur did not build houses with burnt bricks, off late they started building one or two houses with burnt bricks.	c	The Holy Bibles, Babel curse forbids building with burnt bricks.
d	The house names of the people of Kamakur village are similar to that of the names found in the Holy Bible.	d	People and their names belonging to the 12 Lost Tribes are mentioned in the Holy Bible.
e	Kooniah’s are the royal family in Kamakur village(head house name of the village).	e	Koniah are coniah’s were royal family in ancient Israel.
f	The villagers of Kamakur believe that they migrated from unknown place.	f	The ancient people of The Ten Tribes dispersed from Israel.
6:a	Every village has an village goddess. The village goddess of Kamakur is unique as she is known by the name Yaw-lamma . This name was not found in any Government records on the list village goddesses of India. - The goddess of kamakur is Yaw,this name is only found in the Jewish mythology.	6:a	Jewish god Yehweh, is also known as Yaw,who was created by an chaotic female goddessknown as Sofia.We also find mention of another goddess named Shekina who was the partener of Yaw.Shekina is similarly discribed to Hindu Mother goddess Sakthi.
b	The temple site is in Ur. The temple during 1992 when I saw was a simple single room structure with out a roof and a statue.	b
c	Primarily the villagers were not idol	c
	The Kamakur Village Customs		The Jewish Customs
c	But of late one of the villagers donated money of Rs.10,000/- to build a temple with mother goddess’s wooden statue in it.	c
d	Usually the priest of any temple are of the Brahmin caste, but in Kamakur the priest belongs to Jangama caste which is anon Brahmin caste.	d
e	The village’s non Brahmin priest of performs ceremonies, and lights the lamp only on Friday evenings.	e	The Jewish Sabbath starts on Friday evining by lighting the lamp.
f	The custom of lighting lamp is practiced by all women of the Hindu religion. This practice is performed to welcome the wealth goddess Lakshmi	f
g	In India and Kamakur the symbol of mother goddess is known as Sri Chakra, which has an exact resemblance to the Jewish star. - The women in Kamakur and India have a tradition of decorating the front yard by drawing designs with white powder – is also known is muggu in Telugu and rangoli in Hindi. These women draw the star the Jewish star (Sri chakra) as common designed.	g	The symbol in the Israeli flag is the Jewish star also known as star of David, similar to the Srichakra,in simple form.
h	I have seen this symbol of Srichakra carved and stone in the famouse temple of mother goddess at Sri Sailam temple in Andhra Pradesh. The place where I took admission in (Ph.D.) in ancient history, culture, and archaeology in Sri Potti Sriramulu Telugu University. Hindu Mother Goddess is also known as Sumeria Devi, (queen of sumair) one of her thousand names of Lalitha Sahasra Namam. She is.	h	During the ancient times the present day Iraq was known as Sumer,and the legends of Telmun were discovered in Sumer.The Sumarians Holy Land was Telmun.
	The Kamakur Village Customs		The Jewish Customs
h	also known by the name Braamari	h
j	- Mannan – meaning king Dravidian language.- Mannu – meaning soil.	j	Manna (food) is mentioned in the Holy Bible,the food that fell from the sky for 40 years.
7:a	The women of Kamakur village, during the second day of their menstration period have a custom of looking at the stars and counting the evening as the beginning of the third day and then they take an head bath, which means every new day begins in the evening for Kamakur villagers.	7:a	The Sabbath day begins in the evening of Friday,every new day bigins in the evining for the Jews.
b	Saturday is an Special day of Lord Venkateswara in Andhra Pradesh.	b	Sabbath day is Saturday,(Gods day),the ancient people of the Holy Bible worshipped God Bal.
8:a	In the outskirts of the Kamakur village there is an ancient cave site known as Enkatesudi Gundu,or Venkteswara Gundu.	8:a	Sumerian god is known as Enki. The first settlers of Bahrain,( Arabian Gulf )built a temple for god Enki (nearly five thousand years back), and the area is known as Barbar.
b	According to the local legends lord Venkateswara first lived in this cave and later on migrated to Tirupati’s hill top. This Tirumala mountain has 20 names sumeria mountain is one of them.	B	The Holly Bibles Abraham who first lived in Ur spoke to God. Enki was the God of Telmun ,the Sumarian Paradise land.
c	Lord Venkateswara is also known as Balaji. The villagers of Kamakur worshipping this God.	c	The people of the Holy Bible worshipped the ancient God Bal.
d	One sect of the natives of Andhra Pradesh were known as Barbaras.	d	The scholars today are searching for the origin of the word Barbar to under stand its meaning (as Barbar is an non Arabic word) to find out the nativity of the first settlers in Bahrain
e	The villagers of Kamakur belong to the Brundhani Balija cast= Bru	e	Abraham came from a place known as Hebaru (Ur),Some are of the openion that The word Hebrew is derived from that word Hebaru.Today we can find groups of hebrews known as Bru,who believe that He+Bru became Hebrew. Brundin is a Jewish house name.
	The Kamakur Village Customs		The Jewish Customs
f	The word Balija is derived from the people who sacrificed their children to god.Balichche jana nunchi puttina vaaru	f	The ancient people of the Holy Bible sacrificed their children to God Bal.
9	The villagers of Kamaku buildtheir reedroof huts facing the rising sun	9	The ancient people of the Holy Bible worshipped the sun.
10:a	In the forest of Kamakur village there is an ancient site known as Dhaasaraiah Gudi	10:a
b	Dhaasaraiah – Dhaasa – Dhasara – meaning number ten in the Indian Languages. We also have the Dhasara Festival of ten days aiah – meaning God or Father. I also found a stone pillar post on which an unique engraving of Nandipada or Threerathna sybole of Satahvanas (Orion star system-origen of the Nagas). When I saw the place in 1992, I saw two stone slabs standing and facing each other similar to that of a doorway, roughly three feet gap between them.	b	The Ten Commandments written by God is mentioned in the Holy BibleHebrews only called the Place of Tencommandments as the temple and they gather to pray in Synogags. Seraiah, Meraiah, Ramaiah etc., are the names found in the Holy Bible. These names are also the common names used in Andhra Pradesh. Amma, Aiah are also found in the Holy Bible.
c	In front of these two stone slabs there is an path way, from Kamakur to Chilavanur also known as Siluvanur – Siluvanur - Siluva – meaning Cross. Further Siluvanur there’s another village known as Gollagunta.	c
d	Gollagunta - Golla – meaning Shepard Gunta – meaning pit	d	Golgotha mentioned in the Holy Bible in the New Testament. Gol _ meaning Sheppard. Gotha – meaning the place of the Skull Jesus Christ was known as the Good Sheppard
e	This area is related to Jesus Christ’s life	e
f	The travelers passing by Dhaasaraiah gudi have a small custom of placing of stone behind the two slabs and pray. This custom is an mistry.	f	Placing a small stone on a tomb stone is an Jewish custor.
	The Kamakur Village Customs		The Jewish Customs
g	The people of Kamakur burry their dead	g	Burring the dead is the Jewish custor.
h	Now when I saw the site Daasaraiah gudi last year,the site was disturebed,as the A.P Archeology Department excavated this site some years ago. The stone heap is now placed in front of the two stone slabs.	h
i	As the A.P. Archeological Department cleared the top soil bringing the stone layered bed is visible to see, which is an man made structure. I have pictures of this site, this site has to be further excavated, in order to see what lies beneath the man-made stone structure	i
11	The traditional black blanket of goat wool woven by Shepard caste people is of red and white stripes at the both ends of the blanket.	11	The ancient Jews when they stayed in Egypt as slaves they used stripes as their symbol.
12	Near By The Kamakur village there is an Village known as Melachchur. Near this village we found a big mound known as “Perividi Thippa” which means : Peri - meaning big, Vidi - meaning resting place Thippa – meaning mound There is a local myth that huge amounts of gold is buried underneath the mound. This place has to be further excavated.	12	Pyramids are the incredible structure built for the dead to rest in Egypt.

The above are some of the similarities between the village Kamakur and the Jewish customs, some of the above are also facts recorded by the Andhra Pradesh Archaeological Department in the year 1992.

The history of the Jews starts with Abraham who lived in Ur and Haran of Chaldees . Ur is also known as Habiru, and the Jewish history ended in Habiru also known as Habor , and Haran along with Hala. So it is evident that the people of the Lost Tribes of Israel went back to their ancestral home land and settled for good.

Now to prove the “Home Land theory” as the land of Andhra Pradesh lets look into the evidence.

1) The Holy Bible, Old Testament, II Kings, Chapter -17, Verse –6.

In the ninth year of Ho-She’a the King of Assyria took Sa-ma’ri-a,and carried Israel away into Assyria, and placed them in Ha’la and Ha’bor by the river of Go’Zan, and in the cities of the Medes in Iran (Persia) and Chadees is in Iraq.

2) The Holy Bible, Old Testament, I Chronicles, Chapter –5, Verse –26.

And the God of Israel Stirred up the spirit of Pul King of Assyria, and he carried them away ,even the Reubenites, and the Gadites,and the half tribe of Manas’she, and brought them unto Ha-lah, and Ha’bor and Ha’ra and to the river Go’Zan, unto this day.

From the above two verse we clearly find the mention of the three places of the exiled Jews, which are :

1) Ha-lah ,2)Ha’bor and 3) Ha’ra

These names are Familiar to Andhra Pradesh, the following is the evidence.

1) Ha’lah : We find the name Ha-lah as the name of the 7th king of the Sathavahana, who ruled Andhra Pradesh since 19th to 24th A.D *9

2) Ha’bor : Abraham lived in Ur also known as Habiru , near the Kamakur village I found a place known simply as Ur, where the villagers have built a temple to the village Goddess Yaw-lamma, which is not found in any list of Hindu village goddesses. On the other hand the Jewish God Yahveh is also known as Yaw, therefore we can conclude that the Ur of Kamakur had connection to the ancient Jews and vise versa.

3) Ha’ra : The names Sathavahani-Hara, and Sathavahana-Ratha used respectively in Myakodoni inscription ,inscribed on a boulder named Janagaligunda near Mykodoni, which is now in the Adoni taluq of Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh ,Indicates that they were ruled by Sathavahanas the rulers of Andhra Pradesh from 221 B.C to 218 A.D. Ha’ra and Ha-lah may have been the places in ancient Andhra Pradesh, but these names are significant enough for the Sathavahana kings to embrace. The founder of Satavahana was Chimuk and we find Chinuk as the Hebrew festival(Hanuka).Chimuka was also known as Kochikiputra. Kochi is a short name for Jehoiachin,who was the descendent of te king Solomon of Israel.,and Jehoiachin was also known as Coniah=Koniah,this house name is in the village Kamakure. H and K are inter-changeable -for example : Melukka or Meluhha (Indus civilization). The symbol of the Judha Tribe and the Satavahanas was Lion. On the subject of names a mention of the name Eliehuvaladasa in the Nagarjuna Konda book is of interest as –Eli-is the name of a Hebrew God. We find such similarities even with the name –Elisiri,an Iksvaku general who built a temple to Skanda in Andhra Pradesh. Elisiri is again a Hebrew name ,and Siri is same as Sri in Indian languages.

1) The Holy Bible, Old Testament, Deuteronomy, Chapter-10, Verse-7.

From thence they journeyed unto Gud’go-dah, and from Gud’go-dah to Jot’bath a land of rivers of waters.

From the above verse we find the name Go-dah in India as an ancient name for the river Godhavari in Andhra Prdesh.The ancient name for the river Godhavari was Godha.

2) The holy Bible, Old Testament, Numbers, Chapter-26, Verse-58.

These are the families of the Levites: the family of the Lib’nites,the family of Hebronites, the family of the Mah’lites, the family of the Mu’shites, the family of the Ko’-rath-ites. And Ko’hath begat Amram.

From the above verse the family of the Mu’shites is of interest as the ancient Telugu people of Andhra Pradesh were known as Mushikalu, during which time a city was built in the mane of Mushikaa Nagaram, which belonged to the Sathavahana kings. The “Siri Chimukha Sata” written on the coins found in Andhra Pradesh is of interest , as Simukha was the founder of the Sathavahan Dynasty *12 .The house name Sta is also an Jewish house name.

Internal Literary evidence related to Israel:

Sthavahana – meaning the custodian of the Gods Ark, (Ark of The Ten Commandments). King David from the Judah Tribe ruled Israel and his son Solomon built a temple for the Ark of the Ten Commandments in Jerusalem during which time his ships came to India under the leadership of Hiram. I found Dravidian words in the Hebrew language .The traditional custodians of the Ark are from the royal family of the Judah Tribe, their symbol was lion. Sata or Sathana – meaning God Yehovah, and we find the cast of Sathana in Andhra Pradesh even today. The Sathavahana’s mysterious and unique symbol is found on their coins termed as the Treerathna or Nandipada which has a special meaning for it. The villagers of Kamakur hold a special importance for unknown reasons for a place known as Dhasarayya Gudi located in the outer area of the village in a bush forest. The word Dsar – meaning 10 may be of Jewish origin, related to the Ten Commandments In that place I found a small stone pillar post which has an engraving of circle within a circle and the uniqueness of this symbol is that on the outer circle is an engraving of 2 half circles, which in comparison is similar to the Egyptian symbol of Sun God Ra(circle within a circle)and also the symbol for fire as well as the symbol for alchemy, it could also be an planetary alignment of the sun in the middle and two planets on the same axes. The Jewish God Yehovah is also known as the fire god. Moses saw fire bush on he Sinai Mountain. The village goddess of Kamakur is known as Yawalamma .The Ten commandments were two stone slabs if placed side by side the out line of the upper half would form the English alphabet M and when turned on the right side it would form the number 3 and this symbol is found on the coins of the Sathavahanas known as Nandipada or Threerathna. Because of the significance of this symbol the origins of the Sathavahanas can be traced back to the Kamakur (Ur) village and to the Jewish origin, which the Sathavahanas kept to themselves leading to the great debate among the scholars search for their original home land. Through my research work I discovered that the Sathavahanas were from the Lost Tribes of Israel, who were dispersed from Israel in 2500 B.C. The king Solomon’s descendents Jeconiah of the royal family was captured and carried in to Iraq by Nebuchadnezzar and later was freed by the Iranian King .The family of Coniah along with other tribes came to India and settled in Ur of Kamakur, as it was their ancestor Abraham’s original home land. I have gathered 21 Jewish House names in the Kamakur village; the following is the list of these house names.

III : House names of Andhra Pradesh found in Judaism.

	Family Names In The Kamakur Village	Existing Jewish Family Names In Israel	Jewish Tribes In The Holy Bible
1	KOONI	CONIAH	JUDAH
2	SARVEPALLI	SARVE	JUDAH
3	KAASARAM	CASAR	JUDAH
4	MENI	MENI	JOSEPH,MANASHE
5	KEDHAAR	KEDAR	KEDAR,SONS OF ISHMAEL
6	NAINAAR	NAINAR
7	SEELAMA	SELAMA	ASHER
8	GUNAKALA	GONCAL	NAPHTALI
9	MATTE	MATTE	LEVY
10	KOTTE	KOTTE
11	PAALMAANI	PALMAN	REUBEN
12	EDLA	EDLA	ZEBULUN
13	GUDI	GUDI	BENJAMIN
14	SAAKHI	SAKI	BENJAMIN
15	ERRI	ERRI	GAD,ERITIES
16	DHAASARI	DASAR
17	BORRA	BORRA	ESAU(BOZRAH)
18	PATTEM	PATTEM	HAM
19	MUTHYAM	MOTYA	NETHINIMS
20	CHINTHALA	CINTA
21	POOSALA	POSAL
	The above family names recorded in the Kamakur village have no margin of error, 100% accurate.	The above family names taken from the internet have no margin of error,100% accurate.	The above Tribes are taken from the Holy Bible

Note :

1) Palli – meaning - Village [for eg : Sarvepalli = Sarve + Palli)
2) Aram – meaning – Habitat.[ for eg: (a) Boudhdharamam; (b) Casaram = Casar + Aram = Kasaram ]

The Holy Bible, Old Testament Isaiah, Chapter –37,Verse-12.

Have the gods of the nations delivered them which my fathers have destroyed as Gozan and Haran, and Rezeph, and the children of Eden which were in Tel-assar?

Conclusion:

In a verse in the Holy Bible and the Jewish Holy Scriptures we find the Israel’s lost tribes have gone to Gozan and Haran which are not in Chaldees ,or in Medes, but they were in Telassar. Where is this Telassar? To find the answer to this question we have to look deeper.

We have to break down the word telassar as tel +assar.

Teli :

1) Sumerian Paradise land is mentioned as Telmun,

2) Tel River*13 valley civilization flourished in the ancient Andhra Pradesh. The Telmun language and the ancient language of Andhra Pradesh match with each other.

3) Vishnu Kundin Coins Found in Telkunta*14(Karimnagar district).The name Tel is known as The name of the people of Andhra Pradesh from the ancient time to the present

Assar :

Assaka ,Asmaka or Asvakas*15 were ancient Janapadha’s of Andhra Pradesh.

The name Telassar is perfectly suits ancient Andhra Pradesh.

The Holy Bible, I Chronicles,Chapter-11,verse-28.

Ira the son of Ik’kesh the Teko’ite,A’bi-e’zer the Antoth-ite”

In the above verse Abiezer is mentioned as Antothite,Anathoth is known to king David of Israel.

.

This research work is a labor of hard work form more than 15 years and I was the first to discover this astonishing evidence of Telugu Language in the Sumerian text, and since then my articles have been published in various Intellectual Journals. But today I feel so helpless when scholars like Dr.Sanganabatla Narasiah are stealing my work and passing it as their own, and I have the unfortunate situation of correcting this unforgivable misuse of my work.

Today I urge all the dignitaries to guide researchers like me to register my discoveries as an intellectual property so that the integrity of my work should not be lost or distorted.

“ To share knowledge is power , to steal it is demeaning.”

My aim is to put a spot-light on Andhra Pradesh and its forgotten history to glorify its deserving place in the world history. I am very happy that the focus is now on the Telugu language and I would be glad to share my discovery with the world. I hope that this movement will gain momentum . If given an opportunity I will strengthen this evidence by collecting more deciphered Sumerian records from the Universities and museums of various countries like America, England and France.

By. Miss.Samyuktha Kooniah.M.A.

Ph.d. Student of Telugu University Srisailam Campus

REFERENCE BOOKS

1) Looking For Dilmun. Page-47, By : Geoffrey Bibby, Published by Government of Bahrain.

2) Buddhist Relic Caskets In Andhra Desa. Page-61, By : B. Subrahmanyam, Published by Ananda Buddha Vihara Stust. Secendrabad.

3) Looking For Dilmun. Page-58, By : Geoffry Bibby, Published by Government of Bahrain.

4) Looking For Dilmun. Page-63, By : Geoffry Bibby, Published by Government of Bahrain.

5) Looking For Dilmun. Page-201,203,& 204, By : Geoffry Bibby, Published by Government of Bahrain.

6) Bahrain Through The Ages,The Archaeology. Pge-246, Edited by Shaik Haya Ali Al Khalifa and Michael Rice., The Ministry Of Information,State of Bahrain 1986.

7) The Seafaring Merchants of Ur., By : A.L. Oppenheim Oriental Institute. University Of Chicago.

8) Ancient and Medieval History Of Andhra Pradesh. Pge-13, By : P.Rao., Published By Sterling Publishers Private Limited. India

9) Religion In Andhra. Page-242, By : B.S.L. Hanumantha Rao. M.A. Ph.D., Published By Dept of Arcaeology and Museums , Government of A.P, Hyderabad 1993.

10) Ancient and Medieval History Of Andhra Pradesh. Pge-2, By : P.Rao., Published By Sterling Publishers Private Limited. India

11) Ancient and Medieval History Of Andhra Pradesh. Pge-2, By : P.Rao., Published By Sterling Publishers Private Limited. India.

12) Religion In Andhra. Page-13, By : B.S.L. Hanumantha Rao. M.A. Ph.D., Published By Dept of Arcaeology and Museums , Government of A.P, Hyderabad 1993.

14) Religion In Andhra. Page-262, By : B.S.L. Hanumantha Rao. M.A. Ph.D., Published By Dept of Arcaeology and Museums , Government of A.P, Hyderabad 1993.

15) Religion In Andhra. Page-17, By : B.S.L. Hanumantha Rao. M.A. Ph.D., Published By Dept of Arcaeology and Museums , Government of A.P, Hyderabad 1993.